To cross-reference another term listed in Clause 3 as part of a terminological entry, put the referenced term in italics with its reference number given in brackets afterwards. Do this for the first usage only within each terminological entry — there is no need to repeat the cross-reference formatting multiple times within each entry. If a reference to other elements of the document or to reference documents is useful for the terminological entry, provide this in a Note to entry:.
It is not recommended that other types of document e. Avoid providing bibliographical references that are not cross-referenced in the document.
Only include bibliographical references which support standardization by helping users to implement the document. For any type of standard that is not published by ISO or IEC, it is possible to provide an online reference to the bibliographical entry in a footnote:.
The presentation of references follows the guidelines in ISO Document title. Location: publisher, date. For a journal reference, use the format of: Author. Article title.
Journal title. Date, edition number , page number. Online reference. For an online reference, use the format of: Author. Publication title. Location, date [viewed date]. ISO documents are produced using an XML workflow, which is the standard process for the publishing industry.
Working in XML has limitations. The content as XML is purely information without any formatting. The style elements of a document are programmed into templates, into which an XML file is run to create the various deliverables. Therefore, changes to formatting, such as spacing and pagination, are either not possible or difficult and time-consuming.
Note that submission layouts cannot be preserved. Exceptions to ISO formatting are not allowed. These documents are still expected to have the same typography, layout and presentation as a document produced in the XML workflow regardless of the original source files. ISO documents use Cambria font throughout. Exceptions are for code which uses Courier New font , in technical drawings which follow the rules in ISO and when required to correctly reproduce character sets.
The size of fonts, the spacing between lines and headings, the row heights and column widths of tables, and the pagination of documents are determined by the rules programmed into the XML templates and cannot be changed. The margins of the text in the PDF template are left- and right-aligned so that the document has a spine when it is printed.
The text itself is fully justified. The text in a document runs continuously. There are no intentional page breaks between clauses or blank pages within the main body of the document. Blank pages are sometimes added in the preliminary pages and in the back pages to ensure that the document can be correctly printed on even pages.
Blank pages are not numbered. ISO documents do not contain empty clauses or annexes. A clause or annex cannot contain only a note related to a previous edition e.
Any such clauses or annexes need to be removed and the document renumbered accordingly. The preliminary pages cover, copyright page, Contents, Foreword, Introduction are numbered using Roman numerals starting from i. The pages in the main body Scope to Bibliography or last technical page if there is no Bibliography are numbered using Arabic numerals starting from 1.
The back cover page includes the ICS index code and document price, which is based on the number of pages. Avoid using italics, bold and underline to give emphasis to words or paragraphs in the text. Overuse of formatting styles like these make text more difficult to read and the document becomes inaccessible to the user.
Instead, use the Plain English tips to make the document clear and easy to use. For example, a non-breaking space is used in cross-references to a document e.
In certain elements, such as code point identifiers, spaces can have technical significance. The cover of a published ISO document gives: the type of deliverable e. International Standard, Technical Specification ; the document number e.
ISO ; the edition number; the publication date year-month ; the document title; the full reference information [e. Other elements are added when required, e. Various cover templates are used throughout the production process to include relevant elements such as the status of the current draft, the voting dates, the TC responsible, CEN parallel processing and guidance for recipients of the draft. The copyright notice is given on page ii.
Co-publications can include the copyright notice of the other organization. A header is included on every page except the cover and any blank back pages. It gives the document reference number, the current stage of the document and the language version, e. The header of page 1 also gives the type of deliverable, e. International Standard. There are no additional elements such as clause titles in the header. A footer is included on every page except the cover and any blank back pages.
The final back page does not include the page number. Co-publications can include the name of the other organization, e. For the main text, it shows the heading titles up to level 3. For the preliminary pages, the annexes and the Bibliography, it shows the heading titles only up to level 1. It does not include a list of any other elements, e. NOTE The reagents, materials and apparatus clauses are considered as numbered lists.
Avoid breaking up items in a numbered list with sentences or paragraphs in between. Use an unnumbered list or insert a new subclause title, see Table 1 below. Numbering needs to be consistent at the same level. To start using the next level of numbering, first insert a new subclause title, see Tables 2 and 3 below. Guidelines for the production of drawing files are given in the DRG Directives.
Tables contain horizontal text by default. Vertical text in tables can be used sparingly, e. Punctuation and capital letters are not required for cells that do not contain full sentences.
If necessary, shading can be used sparingly in tables. Remember that shading can make text harder to read, especially if a document is printed in black and white. Tables in Clauses 3 or 4 that contain symbols, units and abbreviated terms are not numbered or given a title. These tables are considered as lists and do not need to be cross-referenced in the text.
Colour is not recommended in figures or tables because it can cause issues with accessibility and legibility. Not all users will easily distinguish between colours or be able to view the document on a screen — if printed in black and white the meaning will be unclear.
In a small number of specific documents e. Colours are considered to be important if there is a risk of misinterpreting or misusing a document when it has been printed in black and white. Refer to a specific colour if this is needed.
The choice of statement depends on the category of colour appearing in the document. The use of boxes to present text is discouraged as they cannot be cross-referenced as a specified element of the document. Instead use figures, tables or a separate subclause.
The exception is for sector-specific standards, in which boxes are used to reproduce the text from the generic standard. Avoid using boxed values in the text, i. Add the following to the Introduction, specifying all the subclauses containing these values and any annexes that list national and regional values:.
X in their national standards. Examples of national and regional values are given in Annex X. It is not necessary to include an index to present an alphabetical list of terms from Clause 3 because terms can be searched for on the Online Browsing Platform and in the PDF file. However, a document can include an index if it is provided by the committee. The committee is responsible for checking it is correct before publication. The index is placed at the end of the document, i.
A vocabulary is the source document for the terms and definitions of a committee or subject. It is not a collection of terms used in the documents of a committee. Therefore, it does not:. A vocabulary is the only ISO document that can have terminological entries in clauses other than Clause 3. Terminological entries are never included in annexes.
Do not include the first line of the fixed text for Clause 3, i. The following resources give detailed information on spelling and grammar rules and can be useful tools when drafting ISO documents. Drafting standards. More info Drafting guidance and model documents are also available on the drafting standards page.
Browsing options. Write in short sentences and paragraphs to break up the text and make it easier to follow. A sentence should contain only one idea. A sentence should not contain more than 20 words. A page should contain several short paragraphs. Use frequent subclause headings and lists to split up concepts, processes and methods into smaller pieces. If a list is very long or has complex subdivision, try to break it into several shorter lists.
Use tables and figures to illustrate anything that is difficult to explain in words. Avoid very complicated tables and figures. Try to use several shorter tables that can each fit onto one page and use sub-figures for the individual components of a complex figure.
Use lots of punctuation. For example, a comma creates a pause in a sentence that helps the user to follow the flow of words. Use ISO verbal forms to easily identify requirements, recommendations, permissions, possibility and capability and external constraints in the text. Alternative expressions are not always easily understood in place of the ISO verbal forms. Every technical sector uses specific terminology i.
However, it can be helpful to provide a simple explanation for technical terms. Use Plain English to write the definition of these terms in Clause 3. Do not assume that all users will have the same level of understanding as the members of an ISO Technical Committee.
Give instructions using direct, active verbs. Separate the different defects into the bowls. Only use past or future tenses when specifying something that happened in the past or will happen in the future. Use an impersonal tone. Remove extra details that do not help the user to implement the document and make the document longer than it needs to be. For example, details about the development of the document e. N documents, meetings, individual contributors, decisions taken are of interest to the members of the Working Group but not the document user.
General Grammar is everything known about the structure of a language. Agreement of the verb with the subject In any clause of a sentence, the verb must agree with its subject in terms of singular or plural. Members of the team, who are located throughout the force, are used to assist operational officers respond to various situations. There are two types of relative clauses: A defining clause identifies who or what is being discussed.
It cannot be omitted without affecting the meaning of the sentence. It is not enclosed with commas. It is enclosed with commas.
Affect or effect Affect verb means to have an influence on, e. Spelling ISO documents use Oxford English spelling, which is British spelling in combination with the suffix -ize rather than -ise for about verbs that originate from the Greek -izo suffix, e. These characters are also used in headings and on capital letters. Latin and Greek wording Avoid the use of Latin words as far as possible. Do not italicize commonly used Latin expressions, e. In some cases, the choice of plural depends on the context of the sentence: antenna — antennae insects , but antennas aerial appendix — appendices in books , but appendixes anatomy formula — formulae maths , but formulas general index — indices maths , but indexes in books.
Clause 2 is always called "Normative references". Reproducibility R is obtained from the interlaboratory comparison. Repeatability r is obtained from the intralaboratory comparison. Inclusive language Use inclusive language that is neutral.
Capitals Use capitals sparingly. Proper nouns are always capitalized, e. Reynolds number. Standards ISO Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions. Part 1: Country code. ISO Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions.
Part 2: Country subdivision code. Part 3: Code for formerly used names of countries. ISO Codes for the representation of currencies. If a list of abbreviated terms is not given in the document see Clause 17 , then the first time that an abbreviated term is used, the full term shall be given with the abbreviated term following in brackets.
EXAMPLE 1 the weighted root mean square RMS width of the active output interface optical spectrum …" Exceptions can be made when the abbreviated term is so familiar that it is used more often than the full form, e. There is no need to give the abbreviated form of a term if it is not referred to again. Technical specifications regarding marking may impose other requirements. Abbreviations and contractions Abbreviations and contractions are shortened words.
They are punctuated as shown: e. Alternating current, direct current and radio frequency For a. General Punctuation helps make meaning clear, but there are changes in practice over time and different writers adopt different approaches.
Commas ISO documents do not use the Oxford serial comma before the last item in a list, unless it is needed to avoid ambiguity. Full stops Use plenty of full stops. Hyphens Hyphens in words or phrases can improve clarity and avoid misinterpretation. Prefixes A word formed from a prefix plus a word is not usually hyphenated unless the word begins with the same letter as the last letter of the prefix: multilateral, bilingual, misled, subclause, interlaboratory; anti-inflammatory, pre-eminent, re-enter but interrelated, microorganism.
Prefixes before a capitalized name, number or date use a hyphen, e. Suffixes Words formed with suffixes are generally not hyphenated, e. Compounds Compound nouns are usually presented as a single word with no hyphen or as two separate words, e. Lists ISO documents use two formats for lists.
If the list comprises several sentences, then use the following list format. The introductory sentence is a complete sentence and ends with a colon or a full stop. The list items are complete sentences that start with a capital letter and end with a full stop. The number and title of the responsible TC and SC.
A statement of collaboration with another organization, if relevant. A statement of revision if the document cancels and replaces another document. Include any related published amendments or corrigenda that are also cancelled and replaced. The revision statement shall briefly specify the main changes between editions. When reviewing draft text, ensure that for each table there is: a consecutive table number; a concise table title; a cross-reference within the text; it is recommended to include a sentence above the table to explain its relevance to the user.
For quotes inside quotes, use single quotation marks. General The rules for the representation of numbers and values are given in 9. Numbers In general, write numbers as words up to nine and use digits after that. Write first, second, third rather than firstly, secondly, thirdly. Do not use a hyphen instead of a minus symbol.
General The rules for the representation of symbols for quantities and units and for mathematics are given in Clause 9, Clause 27, ISO gives general rules for quantities and units. EXAMPLES: l 1 length of the gap l 2 length of the workpiece b 1 width of the gap b 2 width of the workpiece m i initial mass m f final mass q m mass flow rate q v volume flow rate D t diameter of the tube D max maximum diameter D min minimum diameter p pressure V volume g gravitational acceleration NOTE There is no space between the value and the symbol, i.
Variables are presented in italics. The decimal sign is a comma and is placed on the line. For numbers, group digits by three to facilitate reading, e. The following prefixes need to be italicized: cis-, trans-, tert-, n- e. N,N- Dimethylbenzylamine o, p, m ortho, para, meta e. For hydrates, use the middle dot e. Standards ISO Quantities and units. Part 1: General. ISO Quantities and units. Part 3: Space and time.
Part 4: Mechanics. Part 5: Thermodynamics. IEC Quantities and units. Part 6: Electromagnetism. Part 7: Light and radiation. Part 8: Acoustics. Part 9: Physical chemistry and molecular physics. Part Atomic and nuclear physics. Part Characteristic numbers. Part Condensed matter physics. Part Information science and technology.
ISO Statistics. Vocabulary and symbols. Cross-references to a numbered document Always use the standard identifier document number and type rather than the title when referring to an ISO or IEC document in the text, including when a specific element clause, table, figure, etc.
Only write out the title of a numbered document in Clause 2 and in the Bibliography. ITU-T X. Cross-references to a withdrawn document Avoid making reference to withdrawn documents but, if it is necessary, add a footnote in both the text and the list it is located in to note its status.
References to websites References to websites are not recommended. Always provide a URL address written in full rather than embedding a link in the text. For example: 3. GSG1] Sources of terminological entries are informative. List these documents in the Bibliography.
Order of normative references The normative references clause is not numbered. The list is ordered as follows: ISO documents IEC documents other international standards For each of these document types, the documents are listed in ascending numerical order. Order of bibliographic references The Bibliography is always numbered. There are two ways of structuring bibliographical entries: By numerical order, followed by literature references: ISO documents followed by IEC documents and then other international standards; regional standards; national standards; literature references.
In the order in which the references are cited in the text. For any type of standard that is not published by ISO or IEC, it is possible to provide an online reference to the bibliographical entry in a footnote: [7] Standard No I. Location: publisher, date Leboffe, M. Microbiology: laboratory theory and application. Acute medical emergencies: the practical approach.
Online reference Cropley, A. Creativity and mental health in everyday life. Creativity Research Journal. URL Nunn, G. The Guardian [online]. London, UK, 2 April [viewed 27 April ]. Standards ISO Information and documentation. Guidelines for bibliographic references and citations to information resources. Fonts, sizing, spacing, pagination ISO documents use Cambria font throughout. Italics, bold and underline Avoid using italics, bold and underline to give emphasis to words or paragraphs in the text.
The processing tools also remove double spaces used before or after punctuation. Cover, copyright, headers and footers The cover of a published ISO document gives: the type of deliverable e. The table of contents is generated automatically by the XML workflow and cannot be modified. Use consecutive numbers for numbered lists, numbered paragraphs, and terms and definitions.
Avoid using numbered paragraphs unless it is necessary to reference a specific paragraph. ISO language codes list. ISO — Country Codes Avoid confusion when referring to countries and their subdivisions with this standard. ISO is composed of five different parts Part 1: ISO provides a 2-letter code that has been designed to represent most of the major languages of the world.
Part 2: ISO provides a 3-letter code, which gives more possible combinations, so ISO can cover more languages. Part 3: ISO provides a 3-letter code and aims to give as complete a listing of languages as possible, including living, extinct and ancient languages. Part 4: ISO gives the general principles of language coding and lays down guidelines for the use of ISO Part 5: ISO provides a 3-letter code for language families and groups living and extinct.
Registration Authorities The language codes are open lists that can be extended and refined. ISO Codes for the representation of names of languages.
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